Sama da mutum 25,000 ne suka tsallaka hamadar Sahara daga Nijar zuwa Aljeriya da Libya a shekarar 2023, duk da dokar hana safarar baƙin haure da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 a ƙasar ta Nijar. Wannan adadi, wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) ta tattara, ya nuna cewa matafiya da dama na ci gaba da bin hanyoyin da suka fi haɗari don guje wa jami’an tsaro a kan babbar hanyar da ta nufi arewa daga birnin Agadez. Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya (IOM) ta ce an samu ƙaruwar mace-mace a yankin hamadar da kashi 70 cikin 100 a shekarar da ta gabata, inda aka samu rahoton mutuwar mutum 1,300, ko da yake ana kyautata zaton ainihin adadin ya fi haka nesa ba kusa ba.
Wannan alƙaluman sun zo ne a daidai lokacin da sabuwar gwamnatin mulkin sojan Nijar ta soke dokar ta 2015 a watan Nuwambar 2023. Masu fafutuka da ƙungiyoyin agaji na bayyana cewa dokar, wadda Tarayyar Turai ta mara wa baya, ta tilasta wa matafiya yin amfani da hanyoyi masu matuƙar haɗari ta cikin hamada. Manazarta na ganin cewa soke dokar ka iya rage haɗarin da ke tattare da wannan tafiya, amma kuma zai iya ƙara yawan mutanen da ke ƙoƙarin ƙetara hamadar don isa Turai.
Tarihin Al'amarin da Ya Faru
Kafin a kafa dokar ta 2015, birnin Agadez ya kasance wata cibiya ta harkokin safarar mutane a yankin Sahel, inda matafiya daga sassan yammacin Afirka suke taruwa kafin su fara tattakin ƙetare hamadar Sahara. A wancan lokacin, sana’ar ta kasance abar karɓuwa a fili, inda direbobi da 'yan jagora ke tallata ayyukansu a bainar jama'a. Matafiya kan yi tafiya a cikin ayarin motoci da ke bin manyan hanyoyi, wanda hakan ya ba su ɗan kariya daga haɗurran hamada. Har ila yau, tattalin arzikin birnin na Agadez ya dogara sosai kan wannan sana’a, tun daga masu gidajen haya da gidajen abinci, har zuwa makanikai da masu sayar da man fetur. Wannan tsari ya samar da wata hanyar samun kuɗi ga dubban mazauna yankin, waɗanda ke fama da ƙarancin ayyukan yi.
Amma da Tarayyar Turai ta fara damuwa da ƙaruwar baƙin haure da ke ƙetara tekun Bahar Rum, sai ta matsa lamba ga gwamnatin Nijar da ta ɗauki mataki. Hakan ya kai ga kafa dokar ta 2015, wadda ta haramta duk wata harka da ta shafi jigilar baƙin haure. Dokar ta tanadi hukunci mai tsanani, ciki har da daurin shekaru da dama a gidan yari da kuma ƙwace kadarori ga duk wanda aka samu da laifin. Sakamakon haka, an kama daruruwan direbobi da 'yan jagora, an kuma ƙwace motoci masu yawa. Wannan mataki ya durƙusar da tattalin arzikin Agadez, inda ya tilasta wa masu gudanar da sana’ar komawa aiki a ɓoye. A maimakon bin manyan hanyoyi, sai suka fara bin wasu sababbin hanyoyi masu cike da haɗari ta cikin hamada don kauce wa jami’an tsaro. Wannan sauyi ne ya haifar da ƙaruwar mace-mace da ɓacewar matafiya, kamar yadda rahotanni daga ƙungiyoyin agaji suka nuna.
Bayanai Kan Rikicin da Ya Kai Ga Lamarin
Soke dokar ta 2015 da gwamnatin mulkin sojan Nijar ta yi a watan Nuwambar 2023 ya zo ne bayan juyin mulkin da ya kifar da gwamnatin Shugaba Mohamed Bazoum a watan Yulin shekarar. Sabuwar gwamnatin, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Abdourahamane Tchiani, ta bayyana soke dokar a matsayin wani mataki na nuna 'yancin kai daga matsin lambar ƙasashen waje, musamman Tarayyar Turai. A cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar, gwamnatin ta ce dokar, wadda aka kafa bisa buƙatar wasu ƙasashen waje, ba ta yi la’akari da muradun al’ummar Nijar ba, musamman mazauna yankin Agadez. Sanarwar ta kuma soki dokar da cewa ta haifar da matsalolin tsaro da na tattalin arziki, maimakon magance matsalar hijira. Haka nan, ta zargi Tarayyar Turai da rashin cika alƙawuran da ta ɗauka na samar da wasu hanyoyin samun kuɗi ga mutanen da sana’arsu ta durƙushe sakamakon dokar.
A nasu martanin, jami'an Tarayyar Turai sun nuna matuƙar damuwarsu kan wannan mataki. Babban jami'in kula da harkokin wajen ƙungiyar, Josep Borrell, ya bayyana soke dokar a matsayin wani abin damuwa ƙwarai da gaske. A cikin wata hira da manema labarai, ya ce matakin na iya haifar da ƙaruwar mutanen da za su yi yunƙurin ƙetare hamadar Sahara da tekun Bahar Rum don shiga Turai. Mista Borrell ya ƙara da cewa, "Wannan zai ƙara yawan baƙin haure ba bisa ƙa'ida ba," yana mai jaddada cewa Tarayyar Turai ta zuba jari mai yawa wajen tallafa wa Nijar don yaƙi da safarar mutane. Wasu manazarta na ganin cewa wannan mataki na gwamnatin sojan Nijar wani ɓangare ne na wani gagarumin sauyi a siyasarta ta waje, inda take ƙara nesanta kanta da ƙawayenta na yammacin duniya, musamman Faransa, tare da ƙulla sabuwar alaƙa da ƙasashe irin su Rasha.
Ga mazauna birnin Agadez da dama, soke dokar wani abin farin ciki ne da ake jira tun da daɗewa. Nan da nan bayan sanarwar, an gudanar da bukukuwa a sassan birnin, inda direbobi da tsofaffin 'yan jagora suka fito kan tituna don nuna murnarsu. Wani tsohon direba, Almoustapha Alhacen, wanda aka kama shi kuma aka ƙwace motarsa a ƙarƙashin dokar, ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa wannan mataki tamkar an sake ba su 'yancinsu ne. Ya ce, "Mun sha wahala sosai a ƙarƙashin wannan doka. An lalata mana sana'o'inmu, an kuma bar iyalai da yawa cikin talauci." Wani dattijo a birnin, wanda ya nemi a sakaya sunansa, ya ce dokar ta yi illa ga tsarin zamantakewar al'umma da ya daɗe yana gudana a yankin. Ya bayyana cewa a yanzu akwai begen cewa tattalin arzikin Agadez zai sake farfaɗowa, kuma matasa za su samu ayyukan yi, wanda hakan zai rage tasirin ƙungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda a yankin.
Martanin Gwamnati da Al'umma
A nasu ɓangaren, masana da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana ra'ayoyi mabanbanta game da soke dokar. Rhissa Feltou, wani masani kan tattalin arzikin yankin Agadez kuma magajin garin a baya, ya ce dokar ta 2015 "ta kasance wani babban kuskure" tun farko. A cewarsa, dokar ta gaza wajen dakatar da kwararar matafiya, amma sai ta ƙara musu haɗari ta hanyar tura su cikin hanyoyin da ba a sani ba a cikin hamada. Ya bayyana cewa, "A maimakon a magance matsalar, sai aka ƙara ta'azzara ta." Rhissa Feltou ya ƙara da cewa tattalin arzikin yankin ya durƙushe, inda ya bar dubban matasa ba tare da wata hanyar dogaro da kai ba, wanda hakan ya sa wasu suka shiga ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka.
Ita ma ƙungiyar agaji ta Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), wadda ke aiki a yankin, ta yi maraba da matakin soke dokar. A cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar, ƙungiyar ta ce dokar ta haifar da “mummunan sakamako na jin ƙai,” inda ta tilasta wa matafiya da baƙin haure yin amfani da hanyoyin da suka fi haɗari don guje wa kamawa. Sanarwar ta ce, "Mun shaida yadda wannan doka ta jefa rayukan mutane cikin hatsari, inda da yawa suka mutu saboda ƙishirwa, yunwa, ko kuma suka ɓace a cikin hamada." MSF ta yi kira ga hukumomin Nijar da Tarayyar Turai da su fito da wani sabon tsarin da zai ba da fifiko ga kare rayukan matafiya da kuma mutunta haƙƙinsu, maimakon mayar da hankali kawai kan hana su ƙetare iyakoki. Ƙungiyar ta jaddada buƙatar samar da hanyoyin agaji da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba a bar matafiya su mutu a cikin hamada ba.
Sakamako da Tasirin Gaba
Ana sa ran soke dokar zai sake farfaɗo da tattalin arzikin birnin Agadez, wanda ya dogara kacokam kan harkokin jigilar matafiya. Masu sana'o'i kamar direbobi, masu gidajen haya, da masu sayar da abinci da man fetur na fatan dawowar ayyukansu. Wannan ka iya rage zaman kashe wando a tsakanin matasa, wanda hakan zai iya rage haɗarin shigarsu ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka ko na 'yan ta'adda da ke addabar yankin Sahel. Sai dai kuma, akwai yiwuwar dawowar wannan sana'a a fili ya jawo ƙaruwar adadin mutanen da ke yunƙurin ƙetara hamadar Sahara. Hakan na iya ƙara matsin lamba kan ƙasashen arewacin Afirka kamar Aljeriya da Libya, waɗanda su ne manyan wuraren da matafiya ke bi don isa Turai.
Ga Tarayyar Turai, wannan mataki na gwamnatin sojan Nijar na iya zama wata babbar matsala ga manufofinta na shawo kan matsalar hijira. Soke dokar na iya haifar da ƙaruwar baƙin haure da ke ƙoƙarin ƙetara tekun Bahar Rum. Hakan zai iya sake ruruta wutar sabanin siyasa a tsakanin ƙasashen Turai kan yadda za a tunkari matsalar. Manazarta na hasashen cewa Tarayyar Turai za ta iya neman wasu sabbin hanyoyin yin aiki tare da hukumomin Nijar, ko da yake dangantaka tsakaninsu ta yi tsami tun bayan juyin mulkin. Akwai yiwuwar ƙungiyar ta ƙara zage dantse wajen ƙarfafa iyakokinta na waje don tunkarar duk wani ƙaruwar matafiya da ka iya zuwa.
